name: lance-format
description: Reference for Lance v7 - the open columnar lakehouse format for multimodal AI - and its Rust crate workspace (lance, lance-table, lance-file, lance-encoding, lance-index, lance-io, lance-namespace, and more). Use when building directly on the Lance crates - creating or reading .lance datasets, manifests, fragments, deletion files, the 2.x file format and structural encodings, vector / scalar / full-text / geo indexes, MemWAL streaming writes, optimistic-concurrency commits and commit handlers, schema evolution, versioning, time-travel, tags, branches, stable row IDs, namespaces, or object-store config. Triggers on lance crate, .lance file, lance dataset, lance file format, structural encoding, IVFPQ, IVFHNSW, IVF_RQ, RaBitQ, lance FTS, zonemap, MemWAL, OCC retry, lance schema evolution, lance namespace, pylance. This is the Lance format and engine (the lance-format/lance repo), not LanceDB the database product - but also the right reference for what LanceDB builds on.
metadata:
version: "0.4.0"
upstream: "lance-format/lance@v7.1.0-beta.2"
openclaw:
homepage: https://github.com/tenequm/skills/tree/main/skills/lance-format
emoji: "🗄️"

Lance v7 reference

Lance is an open columnar format for multimodal AI - "a columnar data format that is 100x
faster than Parquet for random access." It is not one format but a stack of interoperating
specs: a file format, a table format, index formats, catalog specs, and a
namespace client spec. The Rust workspace at lance-format/lance implements all of them
plus Python (pylance) and Java bindings.

This skill tracks v7.1.0-beta.2 (the lance-format/lance git tag). Pin against tags,
not main - Lance ships beta tags every few days and next-format encodings can change.

The deep reference is references/lance-reference.md. Load it for any concrete schema, parameter,
proto, or constraint. This file is the orientation: read it first, then jump into the
reference section you need.

Lance vs LanceDB

These are two different things and conflating them produces wrong answers.

• Lance - the format and engine. The lance-format/lance repo; the lance /lance-*

Rust crates; pylance. It gives you datasets, the file/table format, indexes, commits,
scans. Consumed directly by DuckDB, Polars, Ray, Spark, PyTorch, DataFusion, or your own
Rust/Python code. This skill is about Lance.

• LanceDB - a separate database product (lancedb/lancedb) built on top of Lance. It

adds a query-builder API, an embedding registry, rerankers-as-API, multi-language SDK
parity, and managed Cloud / Enterprise tiers. Not covered here.

If you are linking the lance crate in Cargo.toml, you are using Lance directly - use this
skill. If a question is about LanceDB internals, the storage layer underneath it is still
Lance, so this skill remains the authority for the format itself.

The crate workspace

24 crate directories under rust/. lance is the public entry point; the rest are layers
beneath it. Full table with descriptions and citations in references/lance-reference.md section 2.

| Crate | Role |
|-------|------|
| lance | Public entry point - Dataset, scanner, indexes, commits |
| lance-table | Table format - manifest, feature flags, commit handlers, row IDs |
| lance-file | File format - file reader/writer |
| lance-encoding | Structural encodings, compression (internal, not for external use) |
| lance-index | Scalar / vector / FTS / system indexes |
| lance-io | Object store, I/O schedulers |
| lance-core | Shared Error/Result, cache, datatypes |
| lance-datafusion | DataFusion glue (exec, expr, planner, UDFs) |
| lance-linalg | SIMD L2 / dot / cosine / hamming kernels |
| lance-select | Row-selection primitives - RowAddrMask, RowIdMask, IndexExprResult (extracted from lance-core/lance-index in v7.1.0-beta.2) |
| lance-tokenizer | FTS tokenizer stack (simple, ngram, jieba, lindera, stemmers) |
| lance-geo | Geospatial UDFs (feature-gated geo) |
| lance-namespace / -impls / -datafusion | Namespace trait, Directory/REST impls, DataFusion catalog bridge |
| lance-arrow, lance-tools, fsst, lance-bitpacking, ... | Arrow extensions, CLI, compression sub-crates |

All share version = "7.1.0-beta.2" except lance-arrow-scalar, which is pinned at
58.0.0 to track Arrow. Workspace: edition 2024, rust-version = 1.91.0,
resolver = "3".

File format versions

The file format carries a single major.minor version. Selected per-dataset at creation via
data_storage_version and fixed once the dataset exists (to change it, rewrite the
dataset).

| Version | Status | Notes |
|---------|--------|-------|
| 0.1 (legacy) | read-only | Original format; no longer writable |
| 2.0 | stable | Removed row groups; null support for lists/FSL/primitives |
| 2.1 | current default (stable) | Adaptive structural encodings; better integer/string compression; nulls in struct fields; better nested random access. Default since Lance 5.0.0 |
| 2.2 | next (unstable) | Map type, Blob v2, VariablePackedStruct, larger mini-blocks. Required for Map and Blob v2; encodings may still change |

stable and next are aliases resolved by the running Lance release - pin an explicit
number for deterministic behavior.

What's new in v7

The v6 -> v7 boundary is one breaking change: feat!: make dataset object store access
base-aware (#6647) - object-store access is now scoped to a dataset base rather than a
flat global path, which underpins multi-base storage (hot/cold tiering, shallow clones).

The dominant theme across the v7 betas is MemWAL - an experimental LSM / write-ahead-log
architecture for high-throughput streaming writes (WAL appender/tailer primitives, shard
writers, a Lance-native in-memory HNSW index, the shared-memory:// object-store scheme).
Also landing in the v7 era: branches (Git-like, alongside tags), segmented and
distributed index builds (FTS, bitmap, btree), newer scalar indexes (zonemap, bloom
filter, ngram), the geo / RTree index and lance-geo crate, manifest version hints
for fast latest-version lookup, and a formal split of the catalog / namespace / table /
index specifications. The v7.1.0-beta.1 tag opens the v7.1 line and adds a
materialized-view namespace API. v7.1.0-beta.2 then extracts mask code into a new
lance-select crate (#6879) and lands two MemWAL correctness fixes - flushed
memtables now build their secondary indexes so vector rows are visible to fast_search
(#6901), and a per-source PK-hash block-list post-filter suppresses stale LSM vector reads
when the fresh row falls out of its source's top-k (#6899). Details in
references/lance-reference.md section 14.

Navigating the reference

references/lance-reference.md is the full v7 reference, regrounded against the v7.1.0-beta.2
source. Load the section for your task:

1. What Lance is - the lakehouse spec stack
2. Crate workspace - all 23 crates, what each does, the public entry point
3. File format - versions, container layout, structural encoding (mini-block / full-zip /

constant / blob page types), compression schemes, blob encoding

1. Data types - Arrow type coverage, FixedSizeList for vectors, JSON (JSONB), blob, ML

extension arrays (bfloat16, image types)

1. Table format - dataset directory layout, manifest contents, fragments, deletion

files, base paths

1. Schema evolution - field IDs, zero-copy column add/drop/alter, why old rows read NULL
2. Versioning, tags, branches - manifest versions, time travel, tag pinning, branches
3. Row IDs - row address vs stable row ID, lineage, change-data-feed columns
4. Transactions and concurrency - the 15 transaction ops, OCC retry/rebase, commit

handlers (conditional-put, DynamoDB), conflict resolution matrix

1. MemWAL - shards, MemTable/WAL/flush, the appender/tailer/flusher model, fencing
2. Indexes - vector (IVF/HNSW/PQ/SQ/RQ), scalar (btree/bitmap/bloom/labellist/ngram/

zonemap), full-text (BM25, tokenizers), geo/RTree

1. Distributed write and indexing - two-phase commits, segmented index builds
2. Object store - URI schemes, storage options, per-backend config
3. What changed in v7 - the full v7 delta
4. Capability matrix - what Lance can and cannot do
5. Source map - where each spec and proto lives in the repo

Maintenance

Citations in references/lance-reference.md are path:line relative to the lance-format/lance repo;
build a permalink as https://github.com/lance-format/lance/blob/v7.1.0-beta.2/<path>.

To refresh: git -C ~/pjv/lance-format/lance fetch --tags, check out the newest v7* tag,
re-read the format spec under docs/src/format/ and the user guide under docs/src/guide/,
re-verify the crate workspace, and bump metadata.upstream plus every v7.1.0-beta.2
reference. Line numbers in citations drift between tags - treat them as approximate.